A combination of conserved and diverged responses underlies Theobroma cacao's defense response to Phytophthora palmivora.

BACKGROUND: Plants have complex and dynamic immune systems that have evolved to resist pathogens. Humans have worked to enhance these defenses in crops through breeding. However, many crops harbor only a fraction of the genetic diversity present in wild relatives. Increased utilization of diverse germplasm to search for desirable traits, such as disease resistance, is therefore a valuable step towards breeding crops that are adapted to both current and emerging threats. Here, we examine diversity of defense responses across four populations of the long-generation tree crop Theobroma cacao L., as well as four non-cacao Theobroma species, with the goal of identifying genetic elements essential for protection against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. RESULTS: We began by creating a new, highly contiguous genome assembly for the P. palmivora-resistant genotype SCA 6 (Additional file 1: Tables S1-S5), deposited in GenBank under accessions CP139290-CP139299. We then used this high-quality assembly to combine RNA and whole-genome sequencing data to discover several genes and pathways associated with resistance. Many of these are unique, i.e., differentially regulated in only one of the four populations (diverged 40 k-900 k generations). Among the pathways shared across all populations is phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, a metabolic pathway with well-documented roles in plant defense. One gene in this pathway, caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE), was upregulated across all four populations following pathogen treatment, indicating its broad importance for cacao's defense response. Further experimental evidence suggests this gene hydrolyzes caffeoyl shikimate to create caffeic acid, an antimicrobial compound and known inhibitor of Phytophthora spp. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate most expression variation associated with resistance is unique to populations. Moreover, our findings demonstrate the value of using a broad sample of evolutionarily diverged populations for revealing the genetic bases of cacao resistance to P. palmivora. This approach has promise for further revealing and harnessing valuable genetic resources in this and other long-generation plants.

Antibacterial and wound-healing action of Ulmo honey (Eucryphia cordifolia) of differing degrees of purity.

Introduction: Antibacterial properties of honey vary according to its floral origin; few studies report the percentage of pollen types in honey, making it difficult to reproduce and compare the results. This study compares the antibacterial and wound-healing properties of three kinds of monofloral Ulmo honey with different percentages of pollen from Eucryphia cordifolia. Methods: The pollen percentage of the honey was determined by melissopalynological analysis, and they were classified into three groups: M1 (52.77% of pollen from Eucryphia cordifolia), M2 (68.41%), and M3 (82.80%). They were subjected to chemical analysis and agar diffusion test against Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 20 healthy adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) of both sexes were randomly assigned to four groups for experimental burn skin wound (uninfected) production and treatment with Ulmo honey. On day 10 post-injury, biopsies were obtained, and histological analysis was performed to assess wound-healing capacity following the treatment with honey. Results: The chemical analysis showed that M3 differed significantly from M1 in terms of pH (P = 0.020), moisture (P = 0.020), total sugars (P = 0.034), and total solids (P = 0.020). Both strains of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to M1 and M2 at 40% w/v but were resistant to M3 at all concentrations. All groups (I-IV) were in the initial proliferative phase, with complete or partial re-epithelialization of the epidermis. Discussion: The antibacterial activity showed a wide range of variation in the different types of honey studied, with no significant differences between wound healing and pollen percentage in the groups studied. Higher pH and the absence of Tineo in M3 conferred a lower antibacterial capacity but not a lower wound healing capacity. Despite its variability in the percentage of Eucryphia cordifolia like primary pollen in Ulmo's monofloral honey, this has the same properties in relation to wound healing.

Three new species of the Synapturanus rabus complex (Microhylidae: Otophryninae) in Colombia with a review of the genus Synapturanus.

The Neotropical microhylid genus Synapturanus was represented by only three species for almost five decades and remains poorly known. Recently two new species were described from the Eastern Guyana Shield, one from Peru, and one from Brazil. We describe three new species related to the S. rabus species complex with known distribution only in western Amazonia, Colombia. The S. rabus complex consists of the smallest species in the genus; one of the new species is slightly larger than S. rabus and we describe its full osteology; the other two new species are smaller than S. rabus. We also described the call and larvae of one of the new species. We provide an updated diagnosis and review the available molecular and phenotypic data for the genus.

Petri net transition times as training features for multiclass models to support the detection of neurodegenerative diseases.

This paper proposes the transition times of Petri net models of human gait as training features for multiclass random forests (RFs) and classification trees (CTs). These models are designed to support screening for neurodegenerative diseases. The proposed Petri net describes gait in terms of nine cyclic phases and the timing of the nine events that mark the transition between phases. Since the transition times between strides vary, each is represented as a random variable characterized by its mean and standard deviation. These transition times are calculated using the PhysioNet database of vertical ground reaction forces (VGRFs) generated by feet-ground contact. This database comprises the VGRFs of four groups: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the control group, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson disease. The RF produced an overall classification accuracy of 91%, and the specificities and sensitivities for each class were between 80% and 100%. However, despite this high performance, the RF-generated models demonstrated lack of interpretability prompted the training of a CT using identical features. The obtained tree comprised only four features and required a maximum of three comparisons. However, this simplification dramatically reduced the overall accuracy from 90.6% to 62.3%. The proposed set features were compared with those included in PhysioNet database of VGRFs. In terms of both the RF and CT, more accurate models were established using our features than those of the PhysioNet.

Grapefruit Debittering by Simultaneous Naringin Hydrolysis and Limonin Adsorption Using Naringinase Immobilized in Agarose Supports.

Naringin and limonin are the two main bitter compounds of citrus products such as grapefruit juice. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the reduction in both bitter components simultaneously using a combined biochemical and physical approach. The proposed strategy was based on the use of heterofunctional supports with glyoxyl groups that allow for the covalent immobilization of naringinase, which hydrolyses naringin and alkyl groups that allow for the adsorption of limonin. The supports were butyl-glyoxyl agarose (BGA) and octyl-glyoxyl agarose (OGA), which were characterized in terms of aldehyde group quantification and FTIR analysis. The optimal pH and temperature of free and immobilized enzymes were assessed. The maximum enzyme loading capacity of supports was analyzed. Debittering of grapefruit juice was evaluated using soluble enzyme, enzyme-free supports, and immobilized catalysts. Enzyme immobilized in BGA reduced naringin and limonin concentrations by 54 and 100%, respectively, while the use of catalyst immobilized in OGA allowed a reduction of 74 and 76%, respectively, obtaining a final concentration of both bitter components under their detection threshold. The use of OGA biocatalyst presented better results than when soluble enzyme or enzyme-free support was utilized. Biocatalyst was successfully applied in juice debittering in five repeated batches.

Comparison of Patients With Total and Salvage Laryngectomy.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Total laryngectomy (TL) is one of the treatments available in locally advanced laryngeal carcinomas or as a salvage therapy when organ preservation fails, achieving high survival rates and few complications. The aim of this study was to analyse the oncological outcomes, comparing the data obtained with the current literature and analysing complications and survival. METHODS: The study included 62 patients with primary carcinoma of the larynx treated by primary or salvage TL between 2003 and 2019. We analysed the demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics, tumour stage, complementary treatments, postoperative complications, locoregional recurrences, metastases, and causes of death. RESULTS: The mean age was 64 years, 90.3% were men, 96.8% were smokers, 43.5% had multiple pathologies and 82.3% had a locally advanced stage. Of all TL 71% were primary and 29% salvage. Neck dissection was performed in 59.6%. Lymphovascular invasion was present in 30.6%, perineural invasion in 30.6% and margin involvement in 14.5%. During the follow-up, 17.7% presented locoregional recurrence and 11.3% distant metastases. Regarding complementary treatments, 56.4% of the patients received adjuvant therapy. The incidence of haemorrhage was 11.3%, infection 14.5%, and pharyngocutaneous fistula 21%. There was a statistically significant correlation between fistula and haemorrhage (P = .000) and between fistula and infection (P = .000). No statistically significant differences were found between the studied factors of primary and salvage TL. The 3-year overall survival was 92% and 5-year overall survival was 88%, finding statistical significance with the locally advanced stage (P = .038), T4 (P = .026), lymphovascular invasion (P = .019) and the involvement of more than 3 lymph nodes in the pathological anatomy (P = .005). On the multivariate analysis, the only variable that showed a significant relationship with survival was lymphovascular invasion (P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: Although organ preservation is a primary objective, TL remains a leading treatment in locally advanced carcinomas and as salvage in case of failure of medical therapy or partial surgery.

A new species of emThamnodynastes/em Wagler, 1830 from western Amazonia, with notes on morphology for members of the emThamnodynastes/em empallidus/em group (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Tachymenini).

The genus Thamnodynastes is the most diverse within the tribe Tachymenini, with an extensive and complex taxonomic history. The brief descriptions and lack of robust diagnostic characters are the main sources for identification errors and for the difficulty to assess the diversity estimates of the genus. The Thamnodynastes pallidus group was briefly designated to encompass the most arboreal species of the genus, with thinner bodies and longer tails: T. pallidus, T. longicaudus, T. sertanejo, and a fourth undescribed species. After its designation, no other paper addressed this group and its morphological variation, especially for the hemipenis, is still undetermined. After the analysis of all species of Thamnodynastes we were able to corroborate the distinctiveness of the T. pallidus group and to accurately diagnose its fourth species from the western portion of the Amazonia lowlands. The new species is distinguishable from all congeners, except T. sertanejo, by the absence of ventral longitudinal stripes, 17/17/11 dorsal scale rows, and dorsal dark brown blotches on the anterior third of the body. The new species is distinguished from T. sertanejo by the higher number of subcaudals, lower number of ventrals, and smaller body and head sizes. We also provide additional diagnostic features for the Thamnodynastes pallidus group, including new data on hemipenial variation. Finally, we briefly discuss the defensive behavior and morphological characters associated with arboreality in members of the T. pallidus species group.

Comparison of patients with total and salvage laryngectomy. / Comparación de pacientes con laringectomía total primaria y de rescate.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Total laryngectomy (TL) is one of the treatments available in locally advanced laryngeal carcinomas or as a salvage therapy when organ preservation fails, achieving high survival rates and few complications. The aim of this study was to analyse the oncological outcomes, comparing the data obtained with the current literature and analysing complications and survival. METHODS: The study included 62 patients with primary carcinoma of the larynx treated by primary or salvage TL between 2003 and 2019. We analysed the demographic, clinical and pathological characteristics, tumour stage, complementary treatments, postoperative complications, locoregional recurrences, metastases, and causes of death. RESULTS: The mean age was 64 years, 90.3% were men, 96.8% were smokers, 43.5% had multiple pathologies and 82.3% had a locally advanced stage. Of all TL 71% were primary and 29% salvage. Neck dissection was performed in 59.6%. Lymphovascular invasion was present in 30.6%, perineural invasion in 30.6% and margin involvement in 14.5%. During the follow-up, 17.7% presented locoregional recurrence and 11.3% distant metastases. Regarding complementary treatments, 56.4% of the patients received adjuvant therapy. The incidence of haemorrhage was 11.3%, infection 14.5%, and pharyngocutaneous fistula 21%. There was a statistically significant correlation between fistula and haemorrhage (P=.000) and between fistula and infection (P=.000). No statistically significant differences were found between the studied factors of primary and salvage TL. The 3-year overall survival was 92% and 5-year overall survival was 88%, finding statistical significance with the locally advanced stage (P=.038), T4 (P=.026), lymphovascular invasion (P=.019) and the involvement of more than 3 lymph nodes in the pathological anatomy (P=.005). On the multivariate analysis, the only variable that showed a significant relationship with survival was lymphovascular invasion (P=.026). CONCLUSIONS: Although organ preservation is a primary objective, TL remains a leading treatment in locally advanced carcinomas and as salvage in case of failure of medical therapy or partial surgery.

A new species of Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830 from western Amazonia, with notes on morphology for members of the Thamnodynastes pallidus group (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Tachymenini)

The genus Thamnodynastes is the most diverse within the tribe Tachymenini, with an extensive and complex taxonomic history. The brief descriptions and lack of robust diagnostic characters are the main sources for identification errors and for the difficulty to assess the diversity estimates of the genus. The Thamnodynastes pallidus group was briefly designated to encompass the most arboreal species of the genus, with thinner bodies and longer tails: T. pallidus, T. longicaudus, T. sertanejo, and a fourth undescribed species. After its designation, no other paper addressed this group and its morphological variation, especially for the hemipenis, is still undetermined. After the analysis of all species of Thamnodynastes we were able to corroborate the distinctiveness of the T. pallidus group and to accurately diagnose its fourth species from the western portion of the Amazonia lowlands. The new species is distinguishable from all congeners, except T. sertanejo, by the absence of ventral longitudinal stripes, 17/17/11 dorsal scale rows, and dorsal dark brown blotches on the anterior third of the body. The new species is distinguished from T. sertanejo by the higher number of subcaudals, lower number of ventrals, and smaller body and head sizes. We also provide additional diagnostic features for the Thamnodynastes pallidus group, including new data on hemipenial variation. Finally, we briefly discuss the defensive behavior and morphological characters associated with arboreality in members of the T. pallidus species group.

Molecular mechanisms in the process of re-epithelization in wound healing and the action of honey in keratinocytes / Mecanismos moleculares en el proceso de re-epitelización en cicatrización de heridas y la acción de la miel en queratinocitos

SUMMARY: The treatment of chronic wounds has become a public health issue in recent years mainly due to comorbidities associated with an older population and bacterial resistance. Honey has emerged as an alternative treatment for chronic wounds but lack of knowledge of its mechanism of actionin the treated tissue and low quality of evidence in clinical triads has distanced the medical community from honey as a possible treatment. One of the main processes that is altered in chronic wounds is re-epithelialization mediated by keratinocytes, where proliferation and migration processes are altered. Markers of proliferation, migration and activation of keratinocytes, such as adhesion molecules, growth factors, membrane receptors, signal translating proteins, transcription factors, microRNAs, among others are deregulated in this process. In general, honeys from different floral origins have a positive effect on markers of proliferation and migration in keratinocytes. In conclusion there are still few studies that focus on the molecular action of honey in keratinocytes and fail to report details on the honey used not allowing to achieve the same results.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento de heridas crónicas (HC) se ha vuelto un tema de salud pública en los últimos años, principalmente debido a comorbilidades asociadas a una población de mayor edad y a la resistencia bacteriana. La miel ha surgido como un tratamiento alternativo para HC pero la falta de conocimiento de su mecanismo de acción en el tejido tratado y de la baja calidad de la evidencia en triadas clínicas, ha distanciado a la comunidad médica de la miel como posible tratamiento. Uno de los principales procesos que se ve alterado en las HC es la re-epitelización mediada por queratinocitos, donde se ven alterados los procesos de proliferación y migración. Marcadores de proliferación, migración y activación de queratinocitos, como moléculas de adhesión, factores de crecimiento, receptores de membrana, proteínas traductores de señales, factores de transcripción, microARNs, entre otras, se ven desreguladas en éste proceso. De manera general las mieles de diferentes orígenes florales tienen un efecto positivo en marcadores de proliferación y migración en queratinocitos. En conclusión aún existen pocos estudios que se enfoquen en la acción molecular de la miel en queratinocitos y los pocos que existen fallan en la entrega de información en relación a la miel utilizada que pueda hacer reproducibles los resultados.

Lexema plasma en terminologia histologica / Lexeme plasma in terminologia histologica

La lectura comprensiva de los términos médicos es relevante para un proceso de aprendizaje exitoso. Una de las estrategias para lograrlo es el conocimiento y aprendizaje de los orígenes latín y griego de las palabras, así el objetivo del presente trabajo fue investigar el significado y evolución del lexema griego plasma πλασµα y analizar la Terminologia Histologica en relación a un grupo de términos histológicos derivados de este lexema.

Comprehensive reading of medical terms is relevant to a successful learning process. One of the strategies to achieve this is the knowledge and learning of the Latin and Greek root of words. The aim of the present work was to investigate the meaning and evolution of the Greek lexeme plasma πλασµα, and to analyze the Terminologia Histologica in relation to a group of histological terms derived from this lexeme.

Capacidad inspiratoria y polimorfismo de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina en jóvenes chilenos / Inspiratory capacity and polymorphism of angiotensin converter enzyme in young Chileans

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la capacidad inspiratoria (CI) en un grupo de universitarios chilenos sedentarios agrupados por el genotipo (polimorfismo rs4646994) del gen de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA). Se seleccionaron a través de muestreo no probabilístico 83 individuos (de 18 a 35 años), 37 mujeres y 46 hombres. Se midió la CI a través de pletismografía corporal, se extrajo ADN a partir de sangre con EDTA y se realizó la reacción en cadena polimerasa (PCR) para el polimorfismo Ins/Del de la ECA. Se determinó normalidad de los datos, utilizándose t de Student o ANOVA para las variables paramétricas, y en las no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney o Kruskal-Wallis, considerándose significativo un valor de p < 0,05. La distribución de los genotipos se encontró en equilibrio de Hardy Weinberg (X2= 1,872, p= 0,171 para los hombres y X2= 3,424, p= 0,064 para las mujeres), la CI, en ambos sexos, no mostró diferencias significativas al ser comparada por genotipo. Los hombres portadores del genotipo Ins/Ins presentaron mayores niveles de CI en relación al grupo del gentipo Del/Del-Ins/Del. Las mujeres con la dominancia alélica Ins presentaron una mayor CI que las pertenecientes al grupo Del/Del. Existió una mayor CI en participantes de sexo femenino con dominancia alélica Ins y masculino homocigotos Ins, del gen de la ECA.

The aim of the present research is to determine the inspiratory capacity (IC) in a group of sedentary Chilean university students grouped by the genotype (polymorphism rs4646994) of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. Eighty three individuals (18 to 35 years old), 37 women and 46 men were selected through non-probabilistic sampling. The IC was measured through body plethysmograph, DNA was extracted from blood with EDTA and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the Ins / Del polymorphism of the ECA. Normality of the data was determined, using Student's t-test or ANOVA for the parametric variables, and in the non-parametric U-tests of Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis, a value of p <0.05 being considered significant. The distribution of genotypes was found in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (X2 = 1.872, p = 0.171 for men and X2 = 3.424, p = 0.064 for women), the IC, in both sexes, showed no significant differences when compared by genotype. The men carrying the Ins / Ins genotype had higher IC levels in relation to the gentile group Del / Del - Ins / Del. Women with allelic dominance Ins had a higher IC than those belonging to the Del / Del group. There was a greater IC in female participants with allelic dominance Ins and masculine homozygous Ins, of the ACE gene.

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Enhances Expression of the Synaptic Protein Arc for Its Own Benefit.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus able to reach the central nervous system (CNS) after primary infection in oronasal mucosa. HSV-1 establishes latency inside neurons due the repression of its gene expression process, which is related to periodic reactivations in response to cellular stress conditions, constituting a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The immediate-early gene Arc plays an essential role in neuronal morphology, synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Arc acts as a hub protein, interacting with components of the endocytic machinery required for AMPA receptor (AMPAR) recycling as well as with proteins of the post-synaptic density and actin cytoskeleton. However, to date, no studies have evaluated whether persistent neurotropic HSV-1 infection modulates the expression or function of Arc protein in brain tissue. Here, we report that neuronal in vivo and in vitro infection of HSV-1 significantly increases Arc protein levels, showing a robust perinuclear distribution in neuronal cell lines, a process that is dependent on an active HSV-1 replication cycle. Finally, we found that silencing Arc protein caused a decrease in HSV-1 proteins and viral progeny, suggesting that Arc is involved in the lifecycle of HSV-1. Our studies strongly suggest that pathogenicity of HSV-1 neuronal reactivations in humans could be mediated in part by Arc neuronal upregulation and its potential role in endocytic trafficking and AMPA-neuronal function impairment. Further studies are necessary to define whether this phenomenon could have repercussions in cognition and learning processes in infected individuals.

Effects of microclimatic variables on the symptoms and signs onset of Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of Moniliophthora pod rot in cacao.

Moniliophthora Pod Rot (MPR) caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) Evans et al., is one of the main limiting factors of cocoa production in Latin America. Currently insufficient information on the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen limits the development of efficient management options to control MPR. This research aims to elucidate MPR development through the following daily microclimatic variables: minimum and maximum temperatures, wetness frequency, average temperature and relative humidity in the highly susceptible cacao clone Pound-7 (incidence = 86% 2008-2013 average). A total of 55 cohorts totaling 2,268 pods of 3-10 cm length, one to two months of age, were tagged weekly. Pods were assessed throughout their lifetime, every one or two weeks, and classified in 3 different categories: healthy, diseased with no sporulation, diseased with sporulating lesions. As a first step, we used Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to determine with no a priori the period (when and for how long) each climatic variable was better related with the appearance of symptoms and sporulation. Then the significance of the candidate variables was tested in a complete GLMM. Daily average wetness frequency from day 14 to day 1, before tagging, and daily average maximum temperature from day 4 to day 21, after tagging, were the most explanatory variables of the symptoms appearance. The former was positively linked with the symptoms appearance when the latter exhibited a maximum at 30°C. The most important variables influencing sporulation were daily average minimum temperature from day 35 to day 58 and daily average maximum temperature from day 37 to day 48, both after tagging. Minimum temperature was negatively linked with the sporulation while maximum temperature was positively linked. Results indicated that the fungal microclimatic requirements vary from the early to the late cycle stages, possibly due to the pathogen's long latent period. This information is valuable for development of new conceptual models for MPR and improvement of control methods.

[Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a pediatric patient: case report]. / Papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en paciente pediátrico: reporte de un caso.

Genetic variability related to the host immune system has been proposed as one of the most influential factors in the development of diseases caused by HPV. CLINICAL CASE: We report the case of a 5-year-old child in whom chronic laryngeal papillomatosis, probably acquired vertically during labor, was detected. The diagnosis of laryngeal papillomatosis was confirmed with a biopsy after a first surgery to remove the papillomas. The Derkay classification system was used to assess the severity of papillomatosis. Biopsy genotyping was performed by demonstrating HPV-6. Later, HLA-DQA1 * 0505, -DQB1 * 0301, -DRB1 * 1101 alleles were homozygous for HLA allele typing. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to identify the most prevalent HLA alleles in the Latino population and their potential association with genetic susceptibility in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis.

Papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente en paciente pediátrico: reporte de un caso / Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a pediatric patient: case report

La variabilidad genética relacionada al sistema inmune del huésped ha sido propuesta como uno de los factores más influyentes en el desarrollo de enfermedades causadas por HPV. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de un niño de 5 años en cuyo estudio por disfonía crónica se encuentra papilomatosis laríngea probablemente adquirida por vía vertical durante el parto. El diagnóstico de papilomatosis laríngea se confirmó con una biopsia tras una primera cirugía orientada a remover los papilomas. Se utilizó el sistema de clasificación Derkay para evaluar la severidad de la papilomatosis. Se realizó genotipificación en biopsia demostrándose HPV-6. Posteriormente mediante tipificación de alelos HLA se demostró homocigosis para los alelos HLA-DQA1*0505, -DQB1*0301, -DRB1*1101. Conclusiones: Se necesitan estudios adicionales que permitan identificar los alelos HLA más prevalentes en población latina y su potencial asociación con la susceptibilidad genética en Papilomatosis Respiratoria Recurrente.

Genetic variability related to the host immune system has been proposed as one of the most influential factors in the development of diseases caused by HPV. Clinical case: We report the case of a 5-year-old child in whom chronic laryngeal papillomatosis, probably acquired vertically during labor, was detected. The diagnosis of laryngeal papillomatosis was confirmed with a biopsy after a first surgery to remove the papillomas. The Derkay classification system was used to assess the severity of papillomatosis. Biopsy genotyping was performed by demonstrating HPV-6. Later, HLA-DQA1 * 0505, -DQB1 * 0301, -DRB1 * 1101 alleles were homozygous for HLA allele typing. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to identify the most prevalent HLA alleles in the Latino population and their potential association with genetic susceptibility in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis.

Soft and hard tissue relations in facial asymmetry / Relación de tejidos blandos y duros en asimetría facial

The aim of this study was to determine the relations between hard and soft tissues in subjects with facial asymmetry. Included were subjects aged between 15 and 35 years who presented a chin deviation greater than 5 mm from the midline and a unilateral posterior crossbite. Cone beam computed tomography was used to determine the measurements, positioning them on the three spatial planes; then, 5 bilateral bone points were selected on the coronal image, and parallel measurements were taken to determine the range between the bone point and the most lateral soft tissue point. The statistical analysis was done using the Shapiro-Wilk test, presenting normality in the sample distribution and Levene's test, considering a value of p < 0.05 to obtain significant differences. 20 subjects were included with an average age of 23 years, observing that there were differences in the soft tissue distance in relation to the mandibular condylar head; in other measurements, there were no significant differences, although tendencies of greater or less soft tissue width in relation to the mandibular sector of the asymmetry were observed. It may be concluded that there are limited differences in soft tissue width in subjects with facial asymmetry; the low sample number and the selection of new points may have influenced the results.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la relación entre tejidos duros y blandos en sujetos con asimetría facial. Se incluyeron sujetos de entre 15 y 35 años que presentaban desvío de mentón mayor a 5 mm desde la línea mediana y mordida cruzada posterior unilateral; se realizó una tomografía computadorizada de haz cónico para determinar las mediciones posicionándola en los tres planos espaciales; luego se realizó la selección de 5 puntos óseos bilaterales, en la imagen coronal y se realizaron mediciones paralelas para determinar la distancia entre los puntos óseo y de tejido blando más lateral; para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba Shapiro-Wilk presentando normalidad en la distribución de la muestra y la prueba de Levene considerando un valor de p < 0,05 para obtener diferencias significativas. Veinte sujetos fueron incluidos con una edad promedio de 23 años y se observó que existían diferencias en la distancia de tejidos blandos en relación a la cabeza de cóndilo mandibular; en otras mediciones no se presentaron diferencias significativas aunque se observaron tendencias de mayor o menor ancho de tejidos blandos en relación al sector mandibular de la asimetría. Se puede concluir que existen limitadas diferencias en ancho de tejidos blandos en sujetos con asimetría facial; el bajo número muestral y la selección de nuevos puntos pueden influir en los resultados observados.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a tool for the analysis of nonhuman skeletal remains in a medico-legal setting.

To confirm the nature and forensic significance of questioned skeletal material submitted a medico-legal setting is a relatively common procedure, although not without difficulties when the remains are fragmented or burned. Different methodologies have been described for this purpose, many of them invasive, time and money consuming or dependent on the availability of the analytical instrument. We present a case in which skeletal material with unusual conditions of preservation and curious discovery was sent to a medico-legal setting to determine its human/nonhuman origin. A combined strategy of imagenological procedures (macroscopic, radiographic and cone beam computed tomography - CBCT-technology) was performed as non-invasive and rapid methods to assess the nonhuman nature of the material, specifically of pig (Sus scrofa) origin. This hypothesis was later confirmed by DNA analysis. CBCT data sets provide accurate three-dimensional reconstructions, which demonstrate its reliable use as a forensic tool.

Celecoxib/PLGA suprime angiogénesis y metástasis pulmonar de un cáncer mamario murino experimental / Celecoxib/PLGA suppresses angiogenesis and lung metastasis of murine experimental breast cancer

La angiogénesis y metástasis son eventos esenciales en el proceso de invasión tumoral. Su relación íntima los hace buenos blancos en la terapia antitumoral. El objetivo fue analizar el patrón de metástasis pulmonar y angiogénesis, luego de la aplicación del antiangiogénico Celecoxib microencapsulado en ácido poli(láctico-co-glicólico) en ratones. Se utilizó un modelo de tumor experimental, inducido por células TA3-MTX-R, en 18 ratones, separados en 3 grupos de 6 animales, los cuales fueron tratados con dos presentaciones de Celecoxib en administración intramuscular (Grupo Control; Grupo Cx 1000 ppm y Grupo Cx 1000 ppm+PLGA). Los ratones fueron sacrificados y procesados histológicamente para ser teñidos con H&E y Tricrómico de Arteta. El estudio reveló que el pulmón muestra una marcada heterogeneidad, y un patrón de metástasis perivascular; además, Celecoxib asociado a ácido poli(láctico-co-glicólico) redujo la invasión tumoral y angiogénesis en el pulmón. Los resultados son similares a descripciones parciales realizadas previamente y son comparables a otras líneas tumorales, siendo celecoxib/ácido poli(láctico-co-glicólico) un candidato potencial en la terapia antitumoral.

Angiogenesis and metastasis are critical events on the tumor invasion process. Their close association is related as a good target in antitumor therapy. The aim was to analyze lung metastasis pattern and angiogenesis following application of microencapsulated Celecoxib with poli(lactic-co-glycolic) acid in mice. An experimental tumor model was assessed, induced by TA3-MTX-R cells, in 18 mice, separated in 3 groups of 6 animals and treated with 2 intramuscular Celecoxib presentations (Group Control; Group Cx 1000 ppm and Group Cx 1000 ppm+PLGA). Mice were sacrificed and histologically processed to stain slides with H&E and Arteta Trichromic. The study revealed that the lung showed a significant heterogeneity, and a perivascular metastasis pattern; moreover, Celecoxib associated to poli(lactic-co-glycolic) acid reduces tumor invasion and pulmonary angiogenesis. The results are similar to partial previous descriptions and are comparable to other tumor lines, concluding that Celecoxib/poli(lactic-co-glycolic) acid is a potential candidate in antitumor therapy.

Prothrombin C20209T mutation in deep vein thrombosis: a case report.

Thrombophilias is a recognized risk factor for thrombotic events. The prothrombin variant G20210A gene mutation has been commonly examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Currently, in many clinical laboratories, performing the PCR in real-time technique, which, in addition to identifying the G20210A mutation, makes possible the detection of other mutations in the 3'UTR of the prothrombin gene by melting curve analysis, due to the ability of this analysis to be amplicon-dependent (e.g., C20209T, C20221T and A20218G). We report the first case in Chile that describes the atypical prothrombin C20209T mutation, in a 50-year-old male patient diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in the lower limb and family history of thrombophilia. In the literature, there are few studies of the prevalence and functionality of this mutation; its association with thrombotic events is controversial.